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THE DOG WHISPERER CONTROVERSY
By Lisa Mullinax, CPDT
With the recent popularity of a television show about problem dogs, the controversy over which methods are the most humane and effective ways to address behavior problems in dogs has been renewed and is dividing dog lovers all over the world. While behaviorists, trainers and other dog professionals recognize that the show is exposing dog owners to the possibility that their dogs' behavior can be changed, the show gives the false impression that behavior can be changed within a matter of hours. Professionals are also concerned about the methods used, as many of those methods are known to incite or increase aggressive behaviors. This article will explore the controversial issues and will attempt to separate fact from marketing. Wherever possible, additional links or book recommendations are provided as reference or to elaborate on the preceding issue. Part II of this article responds to the most commonly asked questions . FLAWED FROM ITS FOUNDATION All explanations and answers given on the show center around the idea that the dog is a pack animal and needs a pack leader and that without that pack leader, the dog becomes dominant, creating behavior problems. The only solution is for the owner to become a calm-assertive pack leader, creating a dog that is calm-submissive. However, domestic dogs are social animals, not pack animals, and their behaviors and emotions are not limited to dominance and submission. To understand why 'pack theory' is a flawed model when looking at dog behavior, it is important to understand dominance theories as applied to both wolves and dogs, as early theorists used the wolf model to explain dog behavior. Dominance Theory: Wolves Dominance was once touted as the cause and solution for behavior problems in dogs. This belief originated with studies of captive wolf packs in the 1940's and was popularized by the Monks of New Skete in 1978. This belief led to fear that these animals could physically harm us unless we "established our dominance." Methods such as alpha rolls and leash corrections were often recommended as a way for the dog owner to "establish dominance" over their dogs.
However, there are multiple problems with modeling dog training after these beliefs: The wolf studies were seriously flawed. First, the studies were of wolves in captivity and not in their natural habitats. Second, the wolves had been captured from different wolf packs, creating a volatile and unnatural pack structure. None of which provided researchers at the time with an accurate view of normal wolf behavior. More in-depth studies of wolves in their natural habitats have since revealed that a wolf pack is made up of a family; the breeding pair who shares leadership, and their offspring 1, who stay with the pack until 2-3 years of age, when they start their own pack. Eventually, almost every wolf becomes an "alpha" if they survive long enough mate and breed.
Dominance Theory: Dogs Dogs are not tame wolves. The domestic dog is a separate species that evolved from wolves approximately 14,000 years ago and exhibit behaviors that wolves do not. They also do not display behaviors that wolves do, such as regurgitating food for their young. In Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin Behavior & Evolution, Ray and Lorna Coppinger write:
Observations of free-roaming dogs throughout the world reveal that while dogs are social animals, it is primarily the displays of submission that keep the peace, not displays of dominance. These dogs, sometimes referred to as pariah dogs, are more scavengers than predators, and therefore live much more solitary lives than wolves, since it does not benefit a scavenger to share limited resources with a large group of other animals. These dogs rarely form packs, and when they do, the packs are loosely structured with animals joining and leaving randomly and frequently, a trait not seen in wolf packs. Further, the domesticated forms of wild species will, as a general rule, revert back to their original form after being feral (wild) for a few generations. Dogs, of which there are many feral types throughout the world, have not reverted back to wolves either in appearance or behavior. All of this evidence strongly discredits the romantic notion that dogs are watered-down versions of the wolf. The star of the show has claimed:
If one truly studies a "pack" of dogs, assuming the above statement is referring to a bitch with a litter of puppies, one would see that the mother actually uses very little contact with the puppies to discipline them. The more physical the mother gets, the more risk of injuring her pups. Instead, she will get up and walk away, removing her attention and the chance to nurse. When the puppies get older and more mobile, she may use displays of teeth and vocalizations to stop a puppy's undesireable behavior, but as soon as the puppy stops, so does the "correction". 'Leaders' in all animals control assets more often than they control individuals through the use of force. As stated by Myrna Milani, DVM, author and veterinary ethologist:
Power struggles with dogs communicate no more leadership than an adult human in a physical struggle with a small child or an armed bank robber and his hostages. Here's the reality, through a stroke of evolutionary luck, we were blessed with opposable thumbs which give us priority access to most, if not all, of the resources that dogs want. By maintaining control of those assets, including food, access and attention, and not giving them away for free or on demand, it is not necessary to get into power struggles with our dogs. We already have everything the dog wants. We are already "dominant."
Dominance-based training methods are very energy-intensive for the human. They require that the human constantly react to the actions of the dog, such as a leash correction for growling, which still initially puts the dog in the lead. This is not how the "dominant" individuals behave - it is, however, how insecure individuals behave. So, in effect, these methods communicate insecurity, rather than leadership. Humans are neither dogs nor wolves. So when we try to replicate the behavior of either, we are genetically doomed to fail. We lack the proper physiology, timing and accuracy with which to deliver the same types of signals and corrections that wolves or dogs use with one another to maintain peace. We're not dogs and our dogs know it. We are not wolves and our dogs know it. Exerting excessive amounts of energy attempting to be something we're not doesn't communicate leadership. At best, it amuses our dogs. At worst, it makes us dangerous and unpredictable in the eyes of our dogs, which does not communicate leadership at all. Those who work with wolves, including hand-raised wolves, and wolf-dog mixes know that wolves will not tolerate forceful handling by humans. If the reason we have used these methods on dogs is because of wolf behavior and it elicits aggressive responses in wolves, why then do we continue to use these methods on dogs? Because they let us. Additional Reading
Advanced Reading
Recommended Books
EXERCISE On the television show, a great deal of importance is placed on exercise as a dog's primary need. Dogs do need exercise. The following is not an attempt to minimize the importance of regular exercise. However, most dog breeds were developed for particular work which requires both mental and physical exercise. Dogs need mental stimulation as much, and in some cases even more, than they need physical exercise. Mental stimulation, through obedience, tricks, agility or other working activities satisfies a dog's need for both mental and physical exercise. Walking a dog on a short leash may is more enjoyable for the human, but gives the dog little exercise (since dogs walk at a much faster pace than we do) and does not allow the dog to gain the mental stimulation from exploring his environment with off-leash activities. Mental stimulation exercises also satisfy the needs of dogs physically incapable of exercise due to arthritis, hip dysplasia or other health problems. Forced Exercise, such as running a dog on a treadmill might satisfy a physical need to run, but does not give the dog the option to run, nor does it provide mental stimulation, socialization or interaction with the owner. In the Federal Animal Welfare Act, treadmills are labeled as forced exercise and are not permitted as as a means of satisfying the exercise requirements for dogs in clinics or other kennel facilities. Treadmills still require time on the part of the owner, as a dog on a treadmill must be constantly supervised to prevent injury. If the owner must be present, more satisfying activities such as walks, training and sports such as agility, Rally-O, herding, tracking or lure coursing (most communities have dog training clubs that offer these activities) are available. Behavioral Fallout. You've just had the worst week ever. Which would reduce your stress and give you a greater sense of well-being? A long run on the beach or a long run from a bear? Dogs that are reactive to dogs, people or other stimulus commonly found on walks can actually get worse with continued exposure. The dog's stress levels, including cortisol and adrenaline, are elevated with each walk and exposure to the triggering person, animal or object. Not only do elevated levels of these hormones lead to behavior problems, but increased cortisol levels undermine the immune response, leaving the dog more susceptible to illness. This is why effective behavior modification programs start with teaching self-control exercises in low-stress environments, before slowly introducing the dog to increased levels of the triggering stimulus. A Primary Need? A dog's primary need for survival is not, in fact, exercise. If a dog were to spend all of its time and energy exercising, it would have nothing left for establishing and protecting territory, hunting/scavenging, or raising young. Exercise is accomplished through these actions, not instead of.
Further, walking a dog on a short leash, at the owner's pace (which is much slower than the dog's natural pace) and without the ability to sniff and explore the environment, provides the dog with very little in the way of exercise. Even if a dog's primary need were, in fact, exercise, this sort of walk doesn't provide enough to satisfy their needs. Training and other activities provide dogs with both the mental and physical stimulation necessary for their complete well-being. Well-trained dogs are also able to enjoy off-leash activities much more often, which provides them with adequate mental and physical exercise. Additional Reading Book Recommendation: The Only Dog Tricks Book You'll Ever Need DISCIPLINE AND AFFECTION: POSITIVE DOES NOT MEAN PERMISSIVE With a greater understanding of behavior, today's behaviorists and trainers are now using positive methods to modify even the most extreme behaviors in dogs with great results. This includes dogs with severe aggression problems that may be facing euthanasia, or "red zone" dogs. This does not mean, however, that the dog is not given boundaries, firm rules or is only responsive when treats are present. Positive training and behavior modification methods start with setting clear boundaries and controlling the resources in the dog's life, including affection and play, which are not given to the dog for free or on demand. This is done in a way that sets the owner up to succeed, so that they can control their attention, but still enjoy their dog's company and affection. Additional Reading STRESS IN DOGS One of the biggest concerns that the experts have with the television show is that many of the dogs show signs of significant stress, some even go to the point of biting the star of the show. While most people are able to recognize overt signs of stress such as barking, growling and baring teeth, dogs give numerous other subtle signals of stress before they resort to more impressive displays. Some of these subtle signals include:
If a dog is repeatedly exhibiting these signs during training, it is time to re-evaluate either the training methods, the environment, or the owner/trainer's behavior. Is the environment too stressful? Are the methods or equipment causing the dog pain? Is too much being demanded of the dog too soon? We all need some stress to survive. Hunger is a form of stress. If we didn't feel hunger, we wouldn't eat. However, humane and dog-friendly methods don't just mean the absence of pain, it also means absence of undue stress. A dog that is stressed to the point of aggression, fear, or shutdown (learned helplessness) is physically unable to learn and any training attempted while the dog is in this state will be wasted. Additional Reading REHABILITATION OR SUPPRESSION? Behavior Modification is the process of changing a dog's underlying emotions by gradually exposing a dog (desensitization) to the triggering stimulus (dog, person, car, etc), then teaching an alternate behavior (counter-conditioning). This process keeps the dog below the level at which they react (commonly referred to as the threshold) and gradually teaches the dog a more desirable response under stressful situations. There is a difference between suppressing a behavior and modifying a behavior. Suppression is typically done through the use of force or flooding. Suppression of behavior stops the behavior in the moment, but requires the dog owner to constantly repeat the steps necessary over and over. Because so many dog owners want to know "What do I do when my dog..." this feels like a solution. However, it is not actually changing the underlying cause of the behavior. A dog with modified behavior willingly offers the alternate behavior, such as looking at the owner instead of lunging toward a strange dog, without a tight leash or physical restraint, allowing the owner to reward the more desirable behavior, rather than "correct" the undesired behavior. Force includes punishment such as verbal corrections, leash corrections or jabbing a dog in the neck with your fingers. It can also include forcing a dog on its side or back. While techniques such as this may immediately suppress the symptoms of the problem behavior (if it does not ellicit an aggressive response), the use of force can often make problems worse as the dog forms an association between the punishment and the trigger (the person, place or thing) that incites the aggressive or undesired behavior. In many cases, the frequency or form of punishment must be increased to maintain the suppression. While there are types of punishment that can be used humanely and effectively to modify low-level training problems, the use of aversives as seen on the show suppress the symptoms of the behavior in the short-term. The long-term behavioral fallout may take months or years to surface. Flooding. If you are afraid of spiders, will it lessen your fear if I give you a massage with a pair of tarantulas? Flooding is prolonged and forced exposure to something that is or has become unpleasant. It includes pulling a fearful dog into a swimming pool or immersing a dog-reactive dog in an environment with numerous other dogs. When a dog is flooded, they can "shut down" from stress and won't exhibit any of the problem behaviors. This is not fixing the behavior, although it appears to because the dog does not show overt signs of aggression, in fact that dog is not doing anything at all. While true behavior modification is not a fast process, and while it certainly doesn't make for exciting television, the effects are more permanent than those gained by suppressing a behavior through the use of force or flooding. Additional Reading American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior Statement on Punishment MEDICAL CAUSES FOR BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS Not all behavior problems are the result of a lack of training, exercise, leadership or discipline. There are many medical causes for behavior problems, as well. House training issues can be due to urinary tract infections and aggression can be a reaction to pain caused by injury or illness. Aggression could be triggered by injury or illness such as hypothyroidism. On a recent episode of It's Me or the Dog, an American Bulldog that was exhibiting aggressive behavior towards visitors was diagnosed with hypothyroidism after the trainer recommended a vet check. The owners were previously unaware that the dog had a medical condition which was contributing to his behavior. There are also some behaviors which do not have physical causes, but mental, such as compulsive disorders. A popular internet video shows a dog attacking its own foot. This is a very good example of an compulsive behavior problem. Problems such as this would not be modified through exercise - in fact the dog in the video exhibited this behavior after returning from walks - leadership or discipline. A qualified professional will recognize when a behavior problem may have a medical cause and will make appropriate referrals before attempting to modify the behavior through training. Any sudden change in behavior should always be discussed with a veterinarian. Additional Reading DOG PSYCHOLOGY OR POP PSYCHOLOGY? Dog psychology or, more accurately, the study of animal behavior, is not a complete mystery that is left to the interpretation of a few individuals. While there are many areas in which our understanding is incomplete, there is a staggering amount of scientifically proven information available. Additional Reading
Books
CONCLUSION Is exercise important? Absolutely! Do dogs need rules and boundaries? Certainly! Do humans need to stop equating dogs to humans and gain a greater understanding of dog behavior? Definitely! But how these goals are accomplished are of equal importance. A basic understanding of canine behavior can give dog owners the knowledge they need to determine the right training methods for their dog and avoid those methods that offer new age explanations or pop psychology to sell old and potentially dangerous methods in a new package. The fact that the show's very foundation is flawed should be enough to make dog owners think twice before buying into the methods promoted. However, in our media-centric society, if it's on television, it must be true. Part II: Frequently Asked Questions
RECOMMENDED BOOKS ON DOG BEHAVIOR We recommend these books and videos as an alternative to Cesar's Way. |
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THE OTHER END OF THE LEASH 4Paws University highly recommends this book to anyone wanting a better understanding of their dog! We also recommend Dr. McConnell's excellent booklets on individual behavior problems. |
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CULTURE CLASH This book is a staple in the 4Paws University library and is a must-read for any dog owner seeking to improve their knowledge of dog training and behavior. |
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PARENTING YOUR DOG |
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POWER OF POSITIVE DOG TRAINING |
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HOW DOGS LEARN This book is the science of dog psychology! |
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THE LANGUAGE OF DOGS DVD
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Last Updated 8/7/08
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